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The Toothbrush: Its Use and Abuse (1939)

The Toothbrush: Its Use and Abuse was published in 1939 by the Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co. in Brooklyn, New York. The author, Isador Hirschfeld, D.D.S., F.A.A.P., was (at the time of publication) Associate Professor of Dentistry at Columbia University, Attending Dental Surgeon at the Columbia University Medical Center and a Consulting Periodontist at Beth Israel Hospital. He is the namesake of numerous dental terms/concepts, including Hirschfeld canals (interdental canals), Hirschfeld's silver point (an instrument used to record the depth of periodontal pockets radiographically), and Hirschfeld's method of tooth-brushing, defined by Mosby's Medical Dictionary as "a tooth-brushing technique in which the bristles are vigorously rotated in very small circles against the gingivae and the axial surfaces of the teeth at a slight incisal or occlusal angle."

Images in the book are not individually credited, but Dr. Hirschfeld credits Drs. Edmund Applebaum, Charles F. Bodecker, Rudolf Kronfeld, Paul R. Stillman, Daniel E. Ziskin and "others" for "the loan of illustrative material." Dr. Hirschfeld also credits officers of the American Museum of Natural History with making possible the photographing of anatomic specimens.

A first edition of The Toothbrush: Its Use and Abuse was donated to the Pacific University School of Dental Health Science in 2009 by Margaret M. Ryan and this digital collection of images from the book has been created as a resource for students and educators. Copyright for this work was first registered in 1939 by Dental Items of Interest, but was not renewed, placing the work in the public domain.

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  • Fig. 17: Class III, Type B food impaction mechanisms with caries.
  • Fig. 18: Class III, Type A food impaction mechanisms
  • Fig. 19: Cervical caries on the lingual surface
  • Fig. 20: Gingival hypertrophy in a 12 year old girl
  • Fig. 21: Same as Fig. 20, soon after toothbrushing was inaugurated.
  • Fig. 22: Pathologic condition of the mouth (young female)
  • Fig. 23: Same as Fig. 22.
  • Fig. 24: Microphotograph of cross-section of molar and toothbrush bristles.
  • Fig. 25: Photomicrograph of a deciduous molar.
  • Fig. 26: Photograph of normal, healthy gingiva.
  • Fig. 27: Various incipient symptoms of periodontal disease.
  • Fig. 28: Case of extreme suppurative periodontoclasia.
  • Fig. 29: Healthy gingivae (anterior mouth).
  • Fig. 30: Severe periodontal destruction (posterior mouth).
  • Fig. 31: Radiographic series of a mouth.
  • Fig. 32: Generalized pyorrheal condition.
  • Fig. 33: Same as Fig. 32, after treatment.
  • Fig. 34: Pyorrheal infection
  • Fig. 35: Same as Fig. 34, lingual side.
  • Fig. 36: Two periodontia examination charts (nine years apart).
  • Fig. 37: Marginal gingivitis.
  • Fig. 38: Generalized marginal gingivitis.
  • Fig. 39: Labial view (missed toothbrushing).
  • Fig. 40: Marginal gingivae.
  • Fig. 41: Marginal gingivitis.
  • Fig. 43: Acute Vincent's infection.
  • Fig. 44: Sub-acute Vincent's infection.
  • Fig. 45: Same as Fig. 44, 18 months later.
  • Fig. 46: Rachitic dental apparatus.
  • Fig. 42: Marginal gingivitis.
 
  • Fig. 16: Radiographs of Class II, Type C (author's classification) food impaction mechanisms.

    Fig. 16: Radiographs of Class II, Type C (author's classification) food impaction mechanisms.

  • Fig. 17: Class III, Type B food impaction mechanisms with caries.

    Fig. 17: Class III, Type B food impaction mechanisms with caries.

  • Fig. 18: Class III, Type A food impaction mechanisms

    Fig. 18: Class III, Type A food impaction mechanisms

  • Fig. 19: Cervical caries on the lingual surface

    Fig. 19: Cervical caries on the lingual surface

  • Fig. 20: Gingival hypertrophy in a 12 year old girl

    Fig. 20: Gingival hypertrophy in a 12 year old girl

  • Fig. 21: Same as Fig. 20, soon after toothbrushing was inaugurated.

    Fig. 21: Same as Fig. 20, soon after toothbrushing was inaugurated.

  • Fig. 22: Pathologic condition of the mouth (young female)

    Fig. 22: Pathologic condition of the mouth (young female)

  • Fig. 23: Same as Fig. 22.

    Fig. 23: Same as Fig. 22.

 
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